Before you even stepped inside Saint-Denis, the central doorway staged the Last Judgment above your head, sorting the saved from the damned. The message was blunt: enter on the right side of the moral equation. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the central portal in detail, from the biblical idea of Christ as "the door" in the Gospel of John to the tympanum crowded with the Passion, the resurrection, the Trinity, and the 24 elders of the Apocalypse. Abbot Suger placed himself at Christ's right foot, on the side of the saved. A vivid Romanesque precedent at Conques, complete with a gaping hell-mouth and carved inscriptions, shows how old and how theatrical this warning to worshippers really was. Chapters: 00:00 Christ as the door 02:07 Reading the tympanum 04:49 Judgment at Conques 07:05 The saved and the damned Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain the biblical idea of Christ as the door of the church - Describe the Last Judgment program carved on the central tympanum - Compare the Saint-Denis portal with the Romanesque tympanum at Conques - Interpret the portal as a moral warning to those entering 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Why does the first Gothic cathedral carry pagan zodiac signs on its doors? Abbot Suger built Saint-Denis as a Janus-faced building, looking back to Rome and the pagan past while pointing toward a Christian future. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the west facade for both spiritual and worldly meaning. Suger's motto, "recollection of the past is the promise of the future," runs through a triple portal modeled on the Arch of Constantine, the same design echoed centuries later at Yale. Taurus, Aries, and Libra share the doorway with the labors of the months, and the parable of the wise and foolish virgins is carved on either side to teach a single lesson: be ready, because you never know the hour of judgment. Chapters: 00:00 Spiritual or worldly reasons? 01:37 The past as promise of the future 02:12 A Janus-faced building 03:22 The zodiac and labors of the months 05:02 The wise and foolish virgins Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Distinguish the spiritual and worldly reasons for rebuilding Saint-Denis - Explain Suger's motto linking the past to the future - Identify the Roman and zodiacal sources behind the cathedral's portals - Interpret the parable of the wise and foolish virgins as a teaching image 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

There were no architects in the Middle Ages, so how did the first Gothic cathedral get built? Abbot Suger acted less like a designer than a producer, gathering the resources, hiring the talent, and even hauling the materials himself. Professor R. Howard Bloch shows how Suger assembled an international team, bronze founders and jewelers from the Rhine, masons from Normandy and Burgundy, glass masters from many regions, while writing a unique account of the whole effort. The master mason was the closest thing to an architect, a cement master who knew stone in all its weight and grain. And when the great columns had to be moved, nobles and commoners alike tied ropes to their arms and dragged them like draft animals, in what became known as the crusade of the cathedrals. Chapters: 00:00 Suger, builder and thinker 02:00 Signing his name in the cathedral 03:42 Master masons and medieval builders 04:45 Suger as the producer 06:30 The crusade of the cathedrals Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain why the Middle Ages had no architects in the modern sense - Describe the role of the master mason on a Gothic building site - Compare Abbot Suger's role to that of a modern film producer - Summarize how communities hauled stone in the "crusade of the cathedrals" 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Abbot Suger tripled the revenues of Saint-Denis largely through one event: the fair of Lendit, a twice-yearly market where the bishop collected a cut of every transaction, much like a modern sales tax. Professor R. Howard Bloch uses fifteenth-century paintings of the fair to show medieval commerce up close: shoemakers and cloth sellers, money changers, and even a traveling tavern, all watched over by the bishop and his monks. That cut was not a free fee but payment for guaranteeing honest dealing and safe roads. The word Lendit comes from the Latin for judgment, and from the start it links three things that would define the cathedral town: sacred space, law, and money. Chapters: 00:00 An exempt, endowed abbey 01:08 Bernard's attack on its luxury 01:43 The fair of Lendit 02:44 Merchants, money changers, and taxes Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how the fair of Lendit tripled the abbey's revenues - Describe the goods and traders gathered at a medieval fair - Summarize Bernard of Clairvaux's criticism of Saint-Denis - Analyze the link between sacred space, commerce, and legal judgment 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

For four centuries Saint-Denis held the bones of French kings, along with a treasury of crowns, scepters, and crosses that revolutionaries scattered during the Terror of 1793. Some of those objects now sit in the Louvre, the National Gallery in Washington, and the Walters in Baltimore. Professor R. Howard Bloch shows how the abbey was literally built from its own past, reusing Merovingian stone uncovered in Sumner Crosby's Yale excavations, and how it became the sanctuary of French monarchy: burial place of 52 kings and 32 queens, site of coronation, and keeper of the Oriflamme, the blood-red banner carried into battle in The Song of Roland. In an age when longevity meant legitimacy, a flag traced back to Saint Peter was worth more than any crown. Chapters: 00:00 Saint-Denis and its reused stone 01:38 A treasury of kings and queens 02:06 Pillaged in the Revolution 03:32 Charlemagne and the Oriflamme Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how older masonry was reused to build the twelfth-century cathedral - Describe Saint-Denis as the burial place and treasury of French royalty - Summarize how the Revolution scattered the abbey's tombs and relics - Interpret the Oriflamme banner as a symbol of royal and national legitimacy 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Abbot Suger began rebuilding Saint-Denis for a blunt reason: the old church was dangerously overcrowded. On feast days, he wrote, worshippers were pressed like grapes in a wine press, women cried out as if in labor, and pilgrims sometimes escaped the crush by climbing out the windows with the relics. Professor R. Howard Bloch introduces Suger, who rose from humble birth to become schoolmate, advisor, ambassador, and biographer of King Louis the Fat. Saint-Denis had been the burial place of French kings for four centuries, and Suger's fear of losing its relics in the chaos points to a larger story: a twelfth-century surge in population, driven by a warming climate, that filled the churches and fed the rise of cities. Chapters: 00:00 Who was Abbot Suger 02:38 A church too small 03:18 The danger of the crowds 04:55 Climate, population, and cities Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe Abbot Suger's rise from humble birth to royal advisor - Explain why Suger judged the old abbey church inadequate - Summarize the crowding and safety problems on feast days - Connect twelfth-century population growth to a warming climate and the rise of cities 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

This course treats the Gothic cathedral as two things at once: one of the great engineering feats in history, and the center of medieval religious, economic, and cultural life. Professor R. Howard Bloch lays out the full arc here. The path runs from the first churches at Saint-Denis and Notre-Dame to the delicate "house of glass" of the Sainte-Chapelle and the flamboyant late Gothic of Milan. Along the way the course looks at who actually built these churches, from stone hewers to master masons, and reads their sculpture and stained glass as a "Bible of the poor" for an age when few could read. It closes on the wider world of the cathedral: the birth of vernacular literature, the everyday life of medieval towns, and the way these living buildings still shape our own. Chapters: 00:00 A great engineering feat 01:17 Who built the cathedrals 02:35 Sculpture, glass, and relics 03:13 Literature and everyday life 04:17 From the Middle Ages to today Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Preview the cathedrals the course examines, from Saint-Denis to the Sainte-Chapelle - Describe the labor and craft that went into building a Gothic cathedral - Explain how sculpture and stained glass served as the "Bible of the poor" - Connect cathedral building to the birth of vernacular literature and urban life 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

When Notre-Dame's radical new wall went up, one Norman monk said nothing would ever compare with it, and a Paris theologian called it a sin of epidemic proportions. Both were reacting to the flying buttress, the innovation that let medieval builders go higher than anyone thought possible. Professor R. Howard Bloch follows Notre-Dame from the cornerstone laid in 1163 under Bishop Maurice de Sully through the flying buttress that braced its walls, drawn here from Viollet-le-Duc's nineteenth-century restoration. He then traces the height race that followed, as Chartres, Reims, and Amiens each overtook Paris and Beauvais reached so high its vault collapsed in 1284. The deeper shift is cultural: after the year 1000, innovation itself became something to prize. Chapters: 00:00 Paris as a sacred site 01:58 Building Notre-Dame and the flying buttress 05:02 The race to build higher 06:05 Innovation as a new value Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how the flying buttress made Notre-Dame's high walls possible - Trace the height rivalry among Chartres, Reims, Amiens, and Beauvais - Describe medieval reactions to building on such an unprecedented scale - Analyze how innovation became a core value after the year 1000 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Before Notre-Dame, Paris was a swampy Gallo-Roman town called Lutetia, sacked by Viking longships that sailed straight up the Seine. This is the backstory that made cathedral building possible. Professor R. Howard Bloch traces Paris from the Celtic Parisii and the Roman settlement through Clovis, Charlemagne, and the raids that followed his death, to the peace treaty with the Viking leader Rollo in 911. That long peace let the city's population climb from about 20,000 to a quarter million, opening the trade routes, markets, guilds, and universities that gave rise to the Gothic cathedral. Chapters: 00:00 Roman Lutetia 01:13 Christianization and the Franks 02:02 Viking invasions 02:54 Peace, growth, and the rise of cities Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Trace Paris's development from the Celtic Parisii to a Gallo-Roman settlement - Describe the Viking raids on Paris and the treaty that ended them - Explain how sustained peace drove population and economic growth - Connect the rise of cities to money, commerce, and new institutions 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Professor R. Howard Bloch opens the course with a deceptively simple question: what is a cathedral? The answer runs from the Latin cathedra, an easy chair that became the seat of a bishop, to the roughly 80 Gothic cathedrals built across France in a single 150-year span. Bloch, Sterling Professor of French at Yale, sets out the ground the course will cover: the seat of a bishop and the diocese it governs, the first cathedrals in Italy, Spain, and Gaul in the fourth century, and the great age of building that began in the twelfth century in the Ile-de-France. Almost all of those churches are still standing, and the invitation here is to explore why they still hold meaning for our own age. Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Define the word cathedral and trace its origin in the Latin cathedra - Explain the role of a cathedral as the seat of a bishop within a diocese - Summarize when and where cathedrals first appeared in the Christian West - Identify the Ile-de-France as the birthplace of the Gothic age 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The Theophilus story turns up everywhere in the age of cathedrals, in manuscripts, in stained glass at Beauvais, in stone at Notre-Dame, and it reveals a habit of mind at the heart of the Gothic: forms nested within forms. Professor R. Howard Bloch tracks the tale across media, from the feudal gesture of homage in the pact with the devil to the poet Rutebeuf's version and the Virgin's sword-wielding rescue. He shows how the story becomes a tale within a tale and sculpture within sculpture, a mise-en-abyme that mirrors both Thomas Aquinas's nested arguments and the cathedral's own modular bays and gables within gables. Chapters: 00:00 Theophilus everywhere 00:55 The Beauvais windows 02:05 Notre-Dame's version in stone 03:10 Rutebeuf's poem 05:38 A tale within a tale 06:29 Scholasticism in stone Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Trace the Theophilus story across manuscripts, glass, and stone - Explain the feudal gesture of homage in the pact with the devil - Analyze the mise-en-abyme of a tale within a tale - Connect nested forms in Gothic architecture to scholastic thought 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Peter Abelard gave up a knight's inheritance to fight with words instead of weapons, trading the court of Mars for the feet of Minerva. His move captures a larger shift in the age of cathedrals. Professor R. Howard Bloch opens with the return of writing to a largely oral medieval culture, then introduces Abelard, the itinerant scholar from Brittany who settled on Paris's Left Bank and helped give rise to both the university and the scholastic method of debate. Bloch ties Abelard's world to the carved dado scenes of student life on the south side of Notre-Dame, where books, teachers, and mixed social life all appear in stone. Chapters: 00:00 Theophilus and the rise of writing 02:56 Introducing Peter Abelard 03:26 From Brittany to Paris 04:54 The cathedral and the university Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how writing returned to a largely oral medieval culture - Describe Abelard's move from Brittany to Paris - Connect the rise of the university to cathedral building - Interpret the dado carvings of student life at Notre-Dame 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Krystal and Saagar discuss the US blowing nearly all advanced missiles during the Iran war. Sign up for a PREMIUM Breaking Points subscriptions for full early access to uncut shows and LIVE AMAs with the hosts every week: https://breakingpoints.supercast.com/ Merch Store: https://shop.breakingpoints.com/ To listen to Breaking Points as a podcast, check them out on Apple and Spotify Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/breaking-points-with-krystal-and-saagar/id1570045623 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/033kFeszOZEgO3Wy6ziXKR Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingpoints.yt Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/people/Breaking-Points/61575893472315/ #news #politics #youtube

Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCddem5RlB3bQe99wyY49g0g/join Join us on Patreon. Visit https://www.patreon.com/PeriscopeFilm Visit our website www.PeriscopeFilm.com Created by GM Photographic on behalf of Chevrolet and targeted at teenage drivers, "Drivin' & Drinkin'" (1969) explores the serious consequences of drinking and driving. It begins by emphasizing the importance and responsibility of driving, highlighting it as a symbol of growing up. The discussion then shifts to alcohol use among high school students, noting that a majority have tried it, often in social situations that involve driving. It explains how even in small amounts, alcohol quickly enters the bloodstream and impairs brain function. It debunks common myths about sobering up and outlines how alcohol affects individuals differently based on factors like weight, mood, and food intake. Even drivers below the legal limit exhibited dangerously poor performance after drinking. Statistics from various states underline the strong link between alcohol and fatal car accidents, especially among young drivers. It also warns of long-term risks like alcoholism and how alcohol contributes to criminal behavior. It closes with a clear message: driving and drinking must be kept separate. 0:00 The dangers of drinking and driving. 0:37: Driving is portrayed as a key part of growing up—a symbol of independence and maturity. Young drivers often feel a sense of pride and responsibility when they start driving, and it's emphasized how critical it is to take that responsibility seriously. 1:29:Driving marks a shift into adulthood and should be treated with respect due to the responsibility it entails. 1:47: Most high school students have been exposed to drinking at least once, with exposure rates varying from 50% to 90%. 2:18: Drinking often occurs in social settings where driving is also involved making the potential for danger even greater. 2:30: Alcohol is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and affects the brain directly. It’s a depressant, not a stimulant, impairing judgment, memory, and coordination even at low levels. 3:22:Alcohol is primarily broken down by the liver at a constant rate, regardless of efforts like drinking coffee, taking cold showers, or exercising. There’s no shortcut to sobering up. 4:04: Individual reactions to alcohol vary based on physical size, mood, health, and food intake. For smaller or emotionally unstable individuals, alcohol can have more severe effects more quickly, even if food slightly slows absorption. 5:00: If alcohol consumption is spread out, the body can manage it, but consuming a lot in a short time leads to significant impairment. A person can be severely drunk after just a few shots if taken rapidly. 5:49: Mixing alcohol with medications—even simple ones like aspirin or cold tablets—can be dangerous. 6:17: A GM experiment tested how alcohol affected driving skills. Volunteers performed well sober but showed impaired coordination and judgment after just one drink. After three or four drinks, they could no longer complete basic driving tasks safely. 7:30:Drivers missed turns, hit obstacles, and could not properly navigate courses—even if their blood alcohol levels were below the legal limit. 8:53: Alcohol is involved in a significant percentage of fatal accidents, particularly among young drivers aged 15 to 20, with some studies showing 65% of them had been drinking. 9:10:Even minor accidents can lead to financial burdens, strained family relationships, and possible legal trouble. Teenagers are often grounded or punished severely for drinking-related incidents. 10:06: Teen drivers are subject to heightened scrutiny by law enforcement. Even if they aren’t at fault, the presence of alcohol can bias a situation against them. 10:27: Alcoholism and its severe long-term health consequences. Alcoholism can affect anyone. 11:19: Alcohol also plays a major role in crime. 11:33: Taking responsibility and thinking ahead is essential—it can happen to anyone. 12:13: Conclusion: if you're going to drink and drive, do them at different times. Keep them separate. It can save lives. Motion picture films don't last forever; many have already been lost or destroyed. For almost two decades, we've worked to collect, scan and preserve the world as it was captured on 35mm, 16mm and 8mm movies -- including home movies, industrial films, and other non-fiction. If you have endangered films you'd like to have scanned, or wish to donate celluloid to Periscope Film so that we can share them with the world, we'd love to hear from you. Contact us via the weblink below. This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD, 2k and 4k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com

Abelard's students demanded reasons, not just words: nothing, they said, could be believed unless it was first understood. That demand put him on a collision course with the church. Professor R. Howard Bloch presents Abelard as a young challenger to the theological establishment, above all Anselm of Laon, who insisted on reading scripture directly and turned the tools of pagan logic on Christian doctrine. The heart of the lesson is the medieval debate over universals, realism versus nominalism, and Abelard's daring attempt to resolve the problem of the Trinity in strictly logical terms. Chapters: 00:00 From Mars to Minerva 00:56 Against Anselm of Laon 02:12 Turning logic on theology 02:52 Reading scripture without commentary 04:43 Realism versus nominalism 05:56 The problem of the Trinity Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain Abelard's shift from theology toward philosophy and logic - Describe his challenge to Anselm of Laon and the lectio divina - Distinguish realism from nominalism in the debate over universals - Summarize Abelard's logical treatment of the Trinity 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Condemned to burn his own book and later excommunicated, Abelard still found time for the most famous love affair of the Middle Ages. Professor R. Howard Bloch traces the fall: the Council of Sens, the enforced silence, and the humanist who loved classical authors and letters. Hired to tutor the learned Eloise, Abelard used learning itself as a means of seduction. The couple married secretly and named their son Astrolabe, after the new sciences of the age. It was the marriage, not the affair, that drove her uncle Fulbert to have Abelard castrated, a mutilation Abelard, ever the egoist, read as a sign of divine election. Chapters: 00:00 Condemned and silenced 00:58 A humanist in love with letters 02:15 Abelard and Eloise 03:21 Marriage and a son named Astrolabe 03:48 Revenge and its aftermath Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Summarize Abelard's condemnation and excommunication - Describe how letters and learning served Abelard as seduction - Explain why the marriage provoked Fulbert's revenge - Interpret how Abelard reframed his castration in religious terms 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The fabliaux are the raunchy, streetwise flip side of the age of cathedrals: short comic tales in Old French where wit, timing, and money win out over almost everything else. Professor R. Howard Bloch introduces this urban genre, filled with merchants, students, and worldly priests, then reads "The Crucified Priest." A carver of crucifixes traps his wife's lover, who hides naked among the holy statues, and the joke turns on a sacred symbol reduced to an object bought and sold at market. Bloch sets the tale's comic castration against the metaphysical anguish of Abelard's, showing two very different Middle Ages side by side. Chapters: 00:00 Abelard and urban values 01:08 The fabliaux 02:22 The Crucified Priest 04:44 The husband's revenge 05:42 The moral of the tale 06:40 Sacred symbols as objects of exchange Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe the fabliaux as a genre of urban comic tales - Summarize the plot and moral of "The Crucified Priest" - Analyze how the tale reduces a sacred symbol to an object of exchange - Contrast its comic castration with the seriousness of Abelard's 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

A priest caught in the act simply insists he is only sitting down to dinner, and the gullible husband believes him. That is the upside-down moral world of the fabliaux. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads "The Peekaboo Priest," a comic tale in which wit outruns morality, then turns to the "other Middle Ages" it belongs to: the obscene carvings on Romanesque and Gothic churches and the ribald doodles in the margins of manuscripts, from Saint-Radegonde in Poitiers to the Bayeux Tapestry. It is the world of the body and the senses, and it sets up the turn toward Chartres. Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Summarize the plot of "The Peekaboo Priest" - Explain how the tale privileges wit over conventional morality - Identify examples of bawdy imagery in medieval churches and manuscripts - Recognize the "other Middle Ages" of the body and the senses 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Chartres rises to dizzying heights on lacy flying buttresses, and at the center of its floor lies a labyrinth no one can fully explain. Professor R. Howard Bloch introduces the cathedral, spared the worst of the Revolution, and the rare survival of Jean le Marchant's Miracles of Our Lady of Chartres, which record the drive to rebuild bigger and better after the fire of 1194. He reads the soaring ribbed vaults and buttresses and the great labyrinth, variously linked to a journey to Jerusalem, the path of life, and the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. Chapters: 00:00 Recap and today's turn to Chartres 01:47 The miracles of Our Lady of Chartres 03:43 Dizzying vaults and buttresses 04:30 The labyrinth Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe the architectural features that give Chartres its height - Explain the significance of Jean le Marchant's miracle tales - Summarize the leading interpretations of the Chartres labyrinth - Recognize why Chartres survived the Revolution better than most 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Long before the cathedral, Chartres was a Druid sanctuary where, according to legend, pagans raised an altar to a virgin who would give birth. Professor R. Howard Bloch traces the site from the Celtic Carnutes and Caesar's account of the Druids through its transformation into the chief shrine of the Virgin in Western Europe, complete with a Black Virgin. He draws out a recurring pattern, pagan site turned Christian, the link between justice and sacred ground, and the rivalry among cathedrals, and ends with Charles the Bald's gift of the holy tunic Mary supposedly wore when she gave birth to Christ. Chapters: 00:00 A Druid shrine of the Carnutes 02:41 The Black Virgin 03:05 Four things to keep in mind 03:53 Fires, kings, and the holy tunic Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Trace Chartres from a Druid shrine to a Christian sanctuary - Explain the legend of the Virgo Paritura and the Black Virgin - Connect the site to patterns of justice, commerce, and rival cathedrals - Identify the holy tunic and how it came to Chartres 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Listen back to Romesh’s chat with the orange-loving comedian on @BBCSounds 🎧 Subscribe and 🔔 to the BBC 👉 https://bit.ly/BBCYouTubeSub Watch the BBC first on iPlayer 👉 https://bbc.in/iPlayer-Home

According to legend, the shirt Mary wore when she gave birth to Christ hung on the walls of Chartres and blinded a Viking army. Professor R. Howard Bloch traces the holy tunic from a Byzantine gift to Charlemagne to Chartres's most sacred relic, believed powerful because it touched both mother and child. He reads Jean le Marchant's miracle of the 911 siege, when Bishop Gantelme displayed the tunic on the ramparts against Rollo's Vikings. The relic's power drives Rollo to convert and settle in Normandy, part of what is called the Norman Miracle. Chapters: 00:00 The most sacred relic 01:08 A relic proved by miracles 02:13 The Viking siege of Chartres 04:13 Rollo's conversion and the Norman miracle Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain why the holy tunic was considered so powerful a relic - Trace how the tunic came from Byzantium to Chartres - Summarize the miracle of the 911 Viking siege - Connect Rollo's conversion to the Norman settlement 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Look at the bottom of the windows at Chartres and you find bakers, shoemakers, and money changers: the craftsmen who paid for them, signed in glass. Professor R. Howard Bloch presents Chartres as an intellectual rival to Paris, home of Platonism and Fulbert's cathedral school, then the rebuilding after fire through the extraordinary "Campaign of Carts." Kings, Blanche of Castile, and local merchants all funded the work, and more than 100 window scenes record the trades of a bustling urban economy, from the master mason with his measuring rod to furriers and carpenters. Chapters: 00:00 Chartres as a rival to Paris 01:35 Fire and the Campaign of Carts 02:38 Royal and merchant donors 03:43 The building trades in glass 04:57 Trades of the city 06:12 A unified cathedral Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain Chartres's role as an intellectual center rival to Paris - Describe the Campaign of Carts and the rebuilding after fire - Identify the royal and merchant donors who funded Chartres - Interpret the window scenes depicting medieval trades 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The west facade of Chartres carves the whole medieval curriculum in stone: grammar, logic, geometry, astronomy, each paired with its ancient master. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the Royal Portal's drama of the incarnation, the seven liberal arts ringing the tympanum alongside figures like Aristotle, Cicero, Euclid, and Ptolemy, the ascension on the north portal, and the second coming at the center framed by the tetramorph drawn from Ezekiel. He closes on the jamb statues and their part in the genealogical rivalry between the Plantagenet and Angevin dynasties. Chapters: 00:00 The Royal Portal and the incarnation 01:02 The seven liberal arts 03:57 The ascension on the north portal 05:30 Zodiac and the labors of the months 06:08 The central portal and the tetramorph 07:58 The capital friezes 08:33 The jamb statues and royal genealogy Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe the incarnation program of the Royal Portal - Identify the seven liberal arts and their classical masters - Explain the tetramorph and its Old Testament origin - Connect the jamb statues to dynastic claims of legitimacy 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The transept portals of Chartres crown the Virgin as Queen of Heaven on one side and stage the Last Judgment on the other. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the north portal, begun around 1204 after Chartres received the supposed head of St. Anne, where jamb figures like Melchizedek, Abraham, and Moses prefigure Christ as priest, sacrifice, and lawgiver. On the south, the Last Judgment unfolds much as at Notre-Dame, with the Archangel Michael weighing souls and the twelve apostles trampling their oppressors underfoot. Chapters: 00:00 The north portal and the Virgin 01:15 Prefigurations of Christ as priest 02:11 The south portal and the Last Judgment Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe the coronation and assumption program of the north portal - Explain how Old Testament figures prefigure Christ as priest - Identify the Last Judgment imagery of the south portal - Connect the north portal to the relic of St. Anne's head 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Uit brandweerkazerne Willem aan de Ringdijk is in de nacht van zondag op maandag levensreddend gereedschap gestolen. Het is al voor de derde keer in drie weken tijd dat er bij een Amsterdamse kazerne wordt ingebroken en dat dit soort spullen worden meegenomen. En dat leidt tot grote woede, zeker bij de commandant van de Amsterdamse brandweer Steven van de Looij. Als er maandagochtend rond 06.30 uur brandweerlieden bij de kazerne aankomen om te gaan werken, zien ze een groot gat in een ruit in een van de rolluiken van het gebouw. Op camerabeelden zien ze vervolgens dat er eerder die nacht is ingebroken. Op het moment van de inbraak liggen er collega's te slapen in het pand, die er niets van hebben gemerkt. "Het geeft ontzettend veel gevoelens van onveiligheid en angst als mensen je woonomgeving binnendringen, want dat is het op dat moment", zegt Steven van de Looij, sinds juni van dit jaar de nieuwe brandweercommandant van de stad. Als er maandagochtend rond 06.30 uur brandweerlieden bij de kazerne aankomen om te gaan werken, zien ze een groot gat in een ruit in een van de rolluiken van het gebouw. Op camerabeelden zien ze vervolgens dat er eerder die nacht is ingebroken. Op het moment van de inbraak liggen er collega's te slapen in het pand, die er niets van hebben gemerkt. "Het geeft ontzettend veel gevoelens van onveiligheid en angst als mensen je woonomgeving binnendringen, want dat is het op dat moment", zegt Steven van de Looij, sinds juni van dit jaar de nieuwe brandweercommandant van de stad. De inbrekers nemen zogenoemd redgereedschap mee uit de kazerne. "Dat is zwaar hulpverleningsmateriaal, bijvoorbeeld om mensen uit auto's te halen. En dan telt iedere seconde", vertelt Van de Looij. "Ik moet er niet aan denken dat ze iemand moeten redden en dat deze belangrijke apparatuur ontbreekt. Dan kan dat uiteindelijk zelfs fataal zijn. Ik ben hier ontzettend kwaad over en mijn collega's zijn er ook enorm van geschrokken en gefrustreerd over." Landelijke trend Die frustratie zit 'm mede in het feit dat deze inbraak niet op zichzelf staat. In het weekend van 18 en 19 juli werd er al twee keer ingebroken bij een kazerne in Noord. Ook daar werd levensreddend gereedschap gestolen. En ook landelijk zijn de inbraken bij kazernes een trend. Vorige maand nog sloeg de landelijke brandweer alarm. Op dat moment stond het aantal Nederlandse kazernes dat in 2026 doelwit was geworden van een inbraak al op 35. Sindsdien is dat aantal alleen nog maar gestegen. Ook vannacht nog werd er bij twee kazernes ingebroken. Eentje in Vlaardingen en een in Krommenie. Bij die laatste kazerne werd vorige week ook al ingebroken. Vermoedelijk zijn de gereedschappen zo geliefd omdat je er makkelijk sloten of zware deuren mee open kunt krijgen.  De brandweer neemt nu maatregelen, zo vertelt Van de Looij. "Denk dan bijvoorbeeld aan het neerzetten van tijdelijke camera's, zoals dat ook bij bouwterreinen gebeurt. Dat is een van de maatregelen waar we nu mee bezig zijn en die je ook heel binnenkort bij brandweerkazernes zult zien." Er worden ook wat meer onzichtbare maatregelen getroffen, maar daar doet de brandweer op dit moment geen uitspraak over, zodat mensen die willen inbreken niet weten waar dit om gaat.    De politie heeft nog niemand aangehouden voor de Amsterdamse inbraken. De recherche en forensische opsporing hebben maandag onderzoek gedaan bij de kazerne in Oost. Politie en brandweer vragen om uit te kijken naar de gestolen spullen. Als dat wordt hen door de politie verzocht om contact op te nemen. ❌ ❌ ❌ AT5 - Echt Amsterdams Nieuws Abonneer hier op ons youtubekanaal: https://www.youtube.com/AT5 Tips of opmerkingen? Whatsapp: 06 511 909 38 Telefoon: 020 555 1155 Volg AT5: www.at5.nl Instagram: instagram.com/at5.nl Facebook: facebook.com/at5nl Twitter: twitter.com/at5

The windows of Chartres glow with a blue found almost nowhere else, thanks to glass three times thicker than usual and lapis lazuli that may have traveled the Silk Road from Afghanistan. Professor R. Howard Bloch enters the cathedral and reads the great lancet windows: the Tree of Jesse tracing Christ's genealogy, the incarnation window from the annunciation to the enthroned Virgin, the famous Belle Verriere with its surviving 12th-century glass, and the Passion and Resurrection window from the transfiguration to the supper at Emmaus. Chapters: 00:00 The deep blue glass of Chartres 01:26 The Tree of Jesse 03:04 The incarnation window 05:11 La Belle Verriere 05:27 The Passion and Resurrection window Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain what gives the glass at Chartres its distinctive blue - Describe the genealogical program of the Tree of Jesse window - Summarize the scenes of the incarnation window - Identify La Belle Verriere and the Passion window 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The phrase "dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants" was born at Chartres, and you can see it in glass: Old Testament prophets carrying the New Testament evangelists on their backs. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the three rose windows: the north rose given by Blanche of Castile with its Old Testament kings, the south rose donated by the rebel Pierre Mauclerc, and the west rose Last Judgment with Michael weighing souls above a hell-mouth. Old Testament prefigures New throughout, making the whole cathedral, in his phrase, a Bible of the poor. Chapters: 00:00 The north rose and Blanche of Castile 01:37 The north lancets 03:52 The south rose and Pierre Mauclerc 05:44 Dwarfs on the shoulders of giants 06:20 The west rose and the Last Judgment 08:23 The Bible of the poor Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Distinguish the programs of the north, south, and west rose windows - Explain how the windows link Old and New Testament figures - Identify the donors Blanche of Castile and Pierre Mauclerc - Interpret the "dwarfs on the shoulders of giants" image in glass 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The zodiac window at Chartres is a medieval calendar in glass, pairing each month's star sign with the season's labor, from pruning vines to slaughtering the pig. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the window month by month, matching Aquarius with the peasant by the fire, Gemini with a soldier setting off to a seasonal war, and so on around the year. Christ in majesty, flanked by Alpha and Omega, crowns the whole annual cycle, a reminder of how much of the pagan past lived on inside the Christian cathedral. Chapters: 00:00 Pagan holdovers in the glass 01:26 The zodiac and the labors of the months 04:10 Christ crowning the year Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how the zodiac window pairs star signs with seasonal labors - Identify examples of the labors of specific months - Interpret Christ crowning the cycle between Alpha and Omega - Recognize the survival of pagan imagery within the cathedral 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The Charlemagne window at Chartres reads like a graphic novel in glass, and it ends on a secret so dark it could only be confessed through an angel's scroll. Professor R. Howard Bloch works up the window panel by panel: Constantine's dream, Charlemagne's conquest of Jerusalem and his return with relics, the march into Spain guided by St. James and the Milky Way, the giant Ferracutus, and the betrayal and death of Roland at Roncesvalles. He ties it to the Song of Roland and the Capetian kings' claim to Charlemagne, and closes on the mass of St. Giles and the emperor's unnameable sin. Chapters: 00:00 The Charlemagne window 01:42 The Song of Roland and history 03:34 The Capetians and Charlemagne 04:51 The furrier donors 06:11 Constantine's dream 07:54 Jerusalem and the relics 09:52 The road to Spain 11:57 Rebuilding Santiago 13:40 The giant Ferracutus 14:20 Roland's betrayal and death 15:57 Charlemagne's secret sin Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain the placement and donors of the Charlemagne window - Summarize the legend of Charlemagne's conquests read in the glass - Connect the window to the Song of Roland and Capetian legitimacy - Interpret the mass of St. Giles and Charlemagne's secret sin 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

When Ganelon snaps at Roland, "you're not my man and I'm not your lord," he names the exact bond that held feudal society together. Professor R. Howard Bloch turns from the Charlemagne window to the Song of Roland, the first epic in Old French, rooted in a real ambush of 778 and the legend that grew around it. He uses the quarrel between Roland and his stepfather Ganelon to explain the lord-vassal relationship of counsel and aid, illustrated by the Bayeux Tapestry, and notes how the poem shows only the warrior aristocracy, leaving out the serfs and nearly all women. Chapters: 00:00 Roland at Chartres 01:41 The real Charlemagne 03:28 The Song of Roland 04:47 War, peace, and Ganelon's fury 06:09 Lords and vassals 07:53 Who the poem leaves out Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Distinguish the historical event behind Roland from its legend - Explain the lord-vassal bond of counsel and military aid - Describe how the poem depicts feudal society and its limits - Connect the epic's revival to Capetian claims on Charlemagne 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

In the world of Roland, a knight's coat of mail cost as much as three war horses or twelve cattle, and nobody bought it with money. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the Song of Roland for the material culture of a warrior society before the cash economy, where wealth is land, held as fiefs and "honors," and movable goods change hands as gifts, plunder, or exchange rather than sale. He tracks the staggering cost and rising weight of armor across the centuries and the poem's delight in gold and gems flashing amid the blood and carnage of battle. Chapters: 00:00 An economy without money 01:17 How goods circulated 02:16 Movable wealth and plunder 03:08 The staggering cost of arms 04:23 The aesthetic of armor Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how wealth was held as land and movable goods - Describe how goods circulated without a money economy - Summarize the cost and value of arms in warrior society - Interpret the poem's aesthetic delight in armor 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

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Roland's sword Durendal held a tooth of St. Peter and a scrap of Mary's robe in its golden pommel, and he would rather die than let it fall into enemy hands. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the hero's near-personal bond with his relic-filled sword, given to Charlemagne by an angel along with the horn Oliphant. The name Durendal echoes the verb "to endure," and the blade is inscribed with a whole history of conquests. Above all, Roland guards his honor, refusing to sound his horn for help until it is too late to save him. Chapters: 00:00 Roland's sacred sword Durendal 01:39 A sword that must endure 02:47 A sword inscribed with conquests 04:02 Honor over life Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain why Roland's sword is treated as a sacred object - Describe the relics said to be held in its pommel - Interpret the meaning of the name Durendal - Analyze Roland's choice of honor over survival 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Ganelon admits he destroyed Roland, but insists it was revenge, not treason, and the whole trial turns on that single word. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the end of the Song of Roland, where trial by judicial combat still means the judgment of God, yet Ganelon's defense hinges on a distinction of words. In the old feudal world, an openly declared vendetta was not treason. But a new figure, Thierry, argues that a crime against a man in the king's service is a crime against the state, marking the rise of Capetian sovereignty and a more subtle, compromising legal mind. Chapters: 00:00 Judicial battle and the judgment of God 01:26 Ganelon's trial 03:14 Treason or vengeance? 04:39 Thierry and the sovereign state 05:56 A compromise verdict Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain trial by judicial combat as the judgment of God - Distinguish the feudal meanings of treason and vengeance - Analyze how Thierry's argument asserts the sovereignty of the state - Interpret the compromise verdict as a sign of changing values 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

When a single holy nail went missing from Saint-Denis in 1232, the young King Louis IX wept, and much of France mourned as if disaster loomed. Professor R. Howard Bloch sets the stage for the Sainte-Chapelle by tracing the growth of the royal domain under Philip Augustus, the fragile monarchy defended by Blanche of Castile, and Louis IX, a muscular Christian and rare intellectual who fused church and state and rooted French legitimacy in biblical history. The panic over the lost nail of the crucifixion shows how deeply relics and kingship had become entwined. Chapters: 00:00 The Sainte-Chapelle and radiating Gothic 01:46 The expansion of the royal domain 03:04 A fragile monarchy and Blanche of Castile 04:14 Louis IX, a muscular Christian 05:24 Linking church and state 06:16 The lost holy nail Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe the expansion of the royal domain before Saint Louis - Explain the role of Blanche of Castile in holding the kingdom together - Summarize how Louis IX linked church and state - Interpret the national mourning over the lost holy nail 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

To keep the crown of thorns from falling to Venetian bankers, Saint Louis paid a fortune, then carried it into France barefoot and weeping. Professor R. Howard Bloch recounts how the cash-strapped Latin emperor Baldwin II sold the crown, which had already been pawned in Venice, and the tense negotiations to bring it to Paris. Louis distributed single thorns to bishoprics across France, binding the realm like the spokes of a wheel, and kept adding relics, a piece of the true cross, the holy lance, the rod of Moses, casting himself as heir to Rome and a new Constantine and Moses. Chapters: 00:00 Selling the crown of thorns 01:38 Pawned to Venetian bankers 02:32 A perilous journey to France 04:02 Louis meets the relic barefoot 04:52 Thorns distributed across France 07:02 More relics for the Sainte-Chapelle 08:00 France as the chosen land 10:10 Louis as a new Constantine and Moses Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how the crown of thorns came to be sold to Louis - Describe the journey of the relic from Constantinople to Paris - Interpret the distribution of thorns as a unifying act - Connect the relics to Louis's image as heir to Rome and Israel 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

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Uit brandweerkazerne Willem aan de Ringdijk is in de nacht van zondag op maandag levensreddend gereedschap gestolen. Het is al voor de derde keer in drie weken tijd dat er bij een Amsterdamse kazerne wordt ingebroken en dat dit soort spullen worden meegenomen. En dat leidt tot grote woede, zeker bij de commandant van de Amsterdamse brandweer Steven van de Looij. Als er maandagochtend rond 06.30 uur brandweerlieden bij de kazerne aankomen om te gaan werken, zien ze een groot gat in een ruit in een van de rolluiken van het gebouw. Op camerabeelden zien ze vervolgens dat er eerder die nacht is ingebroken. Op het moment van de inbraak liggen er collega's te slapen in het pand, die er niets van hebben gemerkt. "Het geeft ontzettend veel gevoelens van onveiligheid en angst als mensen je woonomgeving binnendringen, want dat is het op dat moment", zegt Steven van de Looij, sinds juni van dit jaar de nieuwe brandweercommandant van de stad. Als er maandagochtend rond 06.30 uur brandweerlieden bij de kazerne aankomen om te gaan werken, zien ze een groot gat in een ruit in een van de rolluiken van het gebouw. Op camerabeelden zien ze vervolgens dat er eerder die nacht is ingebroken. Op het moment van de inbraak liggen er collega's te slapen in het pand, die er niets van hebben gemerkt. "Het geeft ontzettend veel gevoelens van onveiligheid en angst als mensen je woonomgeving binnendringen, want dat is het op dat moment", zegt Steven van de Looij, sinds juni van dit jaar de nieuwe brandweercommandant van de stad. De inbrekers nemen zogenoemd redgereedschap mee uit de kazerne. "Dat is zwaar hulpverleningsmateriaal, bijvoorbeeld om mensen uit auto's te halen. En dan telt iedere seconde", vertelt Van de Looij. "Ik moet er niet aan denken dat ze iemand moeten redden en dat deze belangrijke apparatuur ontbreekt. Dan kan dat uiteindelijk zelfs fataal zijn. Ik ben hier ontzettend kwaad over en mijn collega's zijn er ook enorm van geschrokken en gefrustreerd over." Landelijke trend Die frustratie zit 'm mede in het feit dat deze inbraak niet op zichzelf staat. In het weekend van 18 en 19 juli werd er al twee keer ingebroken bij een kazerne in Noord. Ook daar werd levensreddend gereedschap gestolen. En ook landelijk zijn de inbraken bij kazernes een trend. Vorige maand nog sloeg de landelijke brandweer alarm. Op dat moment stond het aantal Nederlandse kazernes dat in 2026 doelwit was geworden van een inbraak al op 35. Sindsdien is dat aantal alleen nog maar gestegen. Ook vannacht nog werd er bij twee kazernes ingebroken. Eentje in Vlaardingen en een in Krommenie. Bij die laatste kazerne werd vorige week ook al ingebroken. Vermoedelijk zijn de gereedschappen zo geliefd omdat je er makkelijk sloten of zware deuren mee open kunt krijgen.  De brandweer neemt nu maatregelen, zo vertelt Van de Looij. "Denk dan bijvoorbeeld aan het neerzetten van tijdelijke camera's, zoals dat ook bij bouwterreinen gebeurt. Dat is een van de maatregelen waar we nu mee bezig zijn en die je ook heel binnenkort bij brandweerkazernes zult zien." Er worden ook wat meer onzichtbare maatregelen getroffen, maar daar doet de brandweer op dit moment geen uitspraak over, zodat mensen die willen inbreken niet weten waar dit om gaat.    De politie heeft nog niemand aangehouden voor de Amsterdamse inbraken. De recherche en forensische opsporing hebben maandag onderzoek gedaan bij de kazerne in Oost. Politie en brandweer vragen om uit te kijken naar de gestolen spullen. Als dat wordt hen door de politie verzocht om contact op te nemen. ❌ ❌ ❌ AT5 - Echt Amsterdams Nieuws Abonneer hier op ons youtubekanaal: https://www.youtube.com/AT5 Tips of opmerkingen? Whatsapp: 06 511 909 38 Telefoon: 020 555 1155 Volg AT5: www.at5.nl Instagram: instagram.com/at5.nl Facebook: facebook.com/at5nl Twitter: twitter.com/at5

Krystal and Saagar discuss the major Michigan elections and their possible impact on the Dem establishment and AIPAC. LIMITED TIME FREE TRIAL 30 DAYS OF BP SIGN UP NOW: https://breakingpoints.supercast.com/ Logan Phillips: https://www.racetothewh.com/ Sign up for a PREMIUM Breaking Points subscriptions for full early access to uncut shows and LIVE AMAs with the hosts every week: https://breakingpoints.supercast.com/ Merch Store: https://shop.breakingpoints.com/ To listen to Breaking Points as a podcast, check them out on Apple and Spotify Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/breaking-points-with-krystal-and-saagar/id1570045623 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/033kFeszOZEgO3Wy6ziXKR Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingpoints.yt Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/people/Breaking-Points/61575893472315/ #news #politics #youtube

By gathering the relics of Christ's passion, Saint Louis set out to turn Paris itself into a new Holy Land. Professor R. Howard Bloch shows the Sainte-Chapelle built in imitation of the relic chapel in Constantinople's Boukoleon Palace, described in dazzling terms by the crusader Robert de Clari. The relics made Paris a sacred landscape and the reliquary a new Temple of Solomon, and Pope Gregory IX cast France as a chosen kingdom. Bloch ties this to the legend of the holy oil brought by a dove for Clovis's baptism, still kept at Reims. Chapters: 00:00 A chapel modeled on Constantinople 01:36 A new Holy Land 02:03 France as the chosen kingdom 02:48 The holy oil and Clovis's baptism Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how the Sainte-Chapelle imitated the chapel at Constantinople - Describe how relics made Paris a new Holy Land - Summarize the claim that France was a chosen kingdom - Connect the holy oil of Clovis to the legitimacy of French kings 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

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Saint Louis built the Sainte-Chapelle as a giant jewel box for his relics, and after his death his own boiled bones and severed head were added to the collection. Professor R. Howard Bloch describes the chapel, consecrated in 1248, as a private palace church rather than a cathedral for the masses, a double structure with an upstairs of glass. He inventories its astonishing relics and traces how Louis's head came there in 1298, making the king another Saint Denis. The chapel embodies a favorite medieval idea: forms nested within forms, a reliquary within a reliquary within a reliquary. Chapters: 00:00 Relics transform time into space 01:19 Louis the great builder 02:51 Not a cathedral for the masses 04:29 A private palace chapel 05:34 A giant reliquary box 06:43 The king's own head as relic 07:53 Reliquaries as miniature churches 10:15 Forms within forms Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how the Sainte-Chapelle functioned as a giant reliquary - Contrast it with a public pilgrimage cathedral - Describe how Louis's remains became relics after his death - Interpret the principle of nested forms in Gothic architecture 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

In the Sainte-Chapelle, no two of the hundred carved capitals are alike, part of a building that fuses glass, paint, and sculpture into a single total work of art. Professor R. Howard Bloch introduces the radiating (rayonnant) Gothic style and the chapel's saturated color, from the blue vault dotted with gold stars to walls of fleur-de-lis. He reads the carved capitals as a catalog of nature, oak, holly, grapes, lizards, and birds, and the twelve apostle statues of the upper chapel, considered among the finest medieval sculpture ever made. Chapters: 00:00 Radiating Gothic 01:35 A painted interior 02:15 Nature carved in the capitals 03:42 The twelve apostles Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Define the radiating (rayonnant) Gothic style - Describe the painted decoration of the Sainte-Chapelle interior - Explain how the carved capitals catalog the natural world - Interpret the twelve apostle statues as spiritual pillars 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Step into the Sainte-Chapelle and you enter a house of glass, so flooded with color that visitors compared it to the enchanted castle of the Holy Grail. Professor R. Howard Bloch presents one of the most complete ensembles of medieval stained glass anywhere, two-thirds of it original. Much of it is too dense to read scene by scene (the story of Esther alone runs to well over 100 panels), so the effect is as much awe as instruction. Drawing on Pseudo-Dionysius, he reads the glass as light standing for God, and quotes a medieval visitor who felt transported to paradise on entering. Chapters: 00:00 The most complete glass anywhere 01:32 Glass too complex to read 02:38 Glass as light and jewels 03:36 The glass chapel of Arthurian legend 04:57 A foretaste of paradise Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe the scale and completeness of the Sainte-Chapelle glass - Explain why the windows are difficult to read narratively - Connect the glass to the idea of light as a symbol of God - Interpret the chapel as a foretaste of paradise 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

In the apse of the Sainte-Chapelle, the New Testament surrounds the Passion, and one prophet's window even points at an idol labeled with the name of Muhammad, on the eve of a crusade. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the apse glass, where the Passion window stands over the altar framed by lancets of Christ's childhood, John the Evangelist, John the Baptist (whose skull bone the chapel held), and Daniel. He shows how the windows echo the detail of moralized Bibles, and how the prophets of the Tree of Jesse, Isaiah, and Ezekiel, with an early tetramorph, bridge the Old Testament and the New. Chapters: 00:00 New Testament in the apse 00:50 Windows like a moralized Bible 01:18 The Passion window 02:05 Flanking lancets and prophets 02:50 Salome and the Baptist 03:15 Jesse, Isaiah, and Ezekiel Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain how New and Old Testament windows are arranged in the chapel - Describe the Passion window and its flanking lancets - Connect the glass to the moralized Bibles of 13th-century Paris - Interpret the prophetic cycle bridging the two Testaments 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

In one window of the Sainte-Chapelle, light passes through a painted rod of Moses to fall on the actual rod of Moses kept below, sign and thing fused into one. Professor R. Howard Bloch reads the north side's Old Testament cycle, from the Genesis window with Adam, Eve, and Joseph to the Exodus window where God bestows the rod on Moses. Because that rod was held among the chapel's relics, Bloch uses it to explain Augustine's idea of the sacrament as a fusion of sign and thing that abolishes time. The cycle continues through Numbers, Deuteronomy, and Joshua's trumpet-blast at Jericho. Chapters: 00:00 The Genesis window 01:05 The Exodus window and the rod of Moses 02:26 When the sign fuses with the thing 03:27 Joshua and the fall of Jericho Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Describe the Genesis and Exodus windows on the north side - Explain the significance of light passing through the painted rod of Moses - Connect the image to Augustine's idea of the sacrament - Trace the Old Testament cycle through Joshua 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

Kings and queens are crowned again and again across the south windows of the Sainte-Chapelle, all of it circling back to the crown of thorns that crowns the crown of France. Professor R. Howard Bloch begins with the window of relics, Louis's signature piece showing him carrying and worshiping the relics, then the books of Kings, Esther, Judith, Job, and Tobias. The recurring theme is coronation, from Moses and Joshua to Esther, making French royalty heir to the biblical kings. He closes on the western rose of Revelation, a later window in pale, flamboyant glass. Chapters: 00:00 The window of relics 00:43 Kings and the story of Esther 02:40 Judith, Job, and Tobias 03:20 A program of coronation 04:23 The western rose Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain the window of relics as Louis's signature piece - Identify the Old Testament books depicted on the south side - Interpret the recurring theme of coronation in the windows - Contrast the later western rose with the 13th-century glass 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

To turn a dead king into a saint, you need eyewitnesses, and Jean de Joinville spends his Life of Saint Louis insisting, again and again, that he was actually there. Professor R. Howard Bloch introduces Joinville's biography as a saint's life written for canonization, tied to a papal inquiry into Louis's virtues and miracles. He shows how Joinville leans on the authority of eyewitness testimony and vivid, unflattering detail, down to the king's camp illness, to guarantee the truth of his account, blurring the line between relic and reliable history. Chapters: 00:00 Paris as a new Jerusalem 01:24 Joinville's Life of Saint Louis 02:06 A life written for canonization 04:54 The importance of eyewitness 05:45 Details as proof Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Explain the genre of a saint's life written for canonization - Describe the papal inquiry into Louis's worthiness - Analyze how Joinville uses eyewitness testimony as authority - Interpret the role of vivid detail in guaranteeing truth 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals

The church made Louis a confessor, not a martyr, and Joinville spends much of his biography quietly arguing that the ruling was wrong. Professor R. Howard Bloch explains the medieval distinction between a confessor, worthy of sainthood, and a martyr, who dies for the faith. Louis was canonized only as a confessor, but Joinville, writing at a royal patron's request, builds a case that the king's years of suffering on crusade, his devotion to the cross, and his willingness to die made him a martyr in all but name. Chapters: 00:00 Confessor versus martyr 01:33 Joinville argues for martyrdom 02:44 Suffering on crusade Learning objectives: After watching, you'll be able to: - Distinguish a confessor saint from a martyr saint - Explain why Louis was canonized only as a confessor - Describe how Joinville argues for martyr status - Connect Louis's suffering on crusade to the image of Christ 📚 About the Course: An introduction to some of the most astonishing architectural monuments the world has ever known: the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France. Through the art, literature, intellectual life, economics, and new social arrangements that arose in the shadow of the cathedrals, you will explore the revival of cities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and come to a richer appreciation of the High Middle Ages, a world that is still recognizably our own. But what does that mean in practice? When you take this course, you will: Understand how the great cathedrals were built: Trace the engineering and architectural innovations, from Romanesque origins to Gothic stone and the delicate "house of glass," that made these structures possible. Learn to read cathedrals as art: Interpret the sculpture, stained glass, and relics of Saint-Denis, Notre-Dame de Paris, Chartres, and the Sainte-Chapelle, and see how their images served as the "Bible of the poor." Explore the world around the cathedrals: Discover the literature, learning, religion, and economic life of medieval cities, from Peter Abelard and the birth of the university to the everyday life lived in the cathedral's shadow. Course Takeaways: Appreciate the architecture and engineering of Gothic cathedrals Interpret medieval sculpture, stained glass, and religious art Understand the culture, religion, and society of the High Middle Ages 📺 Watch the full playlist on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJmpIR0QQnbQ 🎓 Enroll on Coursera for assessments and a certificate: https://www.coursera.org/learn/age-of-cathedrals 🌐 Explore more learning opportunities on Yale Online: https://online.yale.edu/courses/age-cathedrals